What are effective alternatives to time-outs?

Research-backed alternatives include natural and logical consequences (related, respectful, and revealed in advance), 'time-ins' where you sit with your child and help them calm down, and descriptive praise for positive behavior. Frame instructions positively — 'Please walk' instead of 'Don't run!' Predictable routines reduce misbehavior by helping children feel secure. Consult your pediatrician about age-appropriate discipline strategies.